![[Engagement altitude diagram]](samaltitude.gif)
Altitude also has a large impact on range.
![[Range/aspect diagram]](samrange.gif)
Missile range very much depends on target speed and aspect.
A nominal range of X km usually means that you can hit aircraft which are flying towards you at that range. Typically, they can pass to the side of you at about half that distance without risk beeing hit.
This diagram is adapted from 1976 data for RBS 70, with a nominal range (then) of 5 km. Target speed is assumed at 250 m/s. For it, at speeds over 300 m/s, there is no rear coverage at all, and for speeds of 50 m/s, the diagram is virtually circular out to 5 km.
Altitude also has a large impact on range.
The missile looses energy as it climbs, but at low altitude air resistance is greater.
![[Missile speed falloff diagram]](samspeed.gif)
All missiles of course also have greater intercept
probability when they have high energy, ie is moving
faster, and that's closer to the launcher, before or
soon after motor burn out. At any range, there's a
certain amount of turning they're capable of, before
they literally fall out of the sky.
This diagram is for the Crotale NG VT-1 missile with a speed of Mach 3.5 and a range of 10 km+. Other data for this missile is that it reaches 8 km in 10 s, and that at 8 km it's capable of making 35G turns and that the warhead's lethal radius is 8 m. But I don't know how much it can turn at 35G before losing too much speed to fly.
Legend:
BR=Beamrider, CC=Command Control, IR=Infrared, SAR=Semiactive Radar,
CLOS=Command to Line Of Sight, SACLOS=Semiactive CLOS, LBR=Laser BR
Guidance Range Altitude Speed,Mach Warhead
Designation Min/max,km m Weight,kg Length/diam./span,cm
CHINA
HQ-2Y CC,SAR 7/35 500/27k 3.6 2300 ? 1080/50-65/170
HN-5A IR 0.8/4 80/2500 ? 13 ?
HN, Hong Nu = Red Cherry, short range SAMs
QW-1 IR 0.5/5 30/4000 ? 17 ?
HQ/HY-61M SAR 3/10 /8k 3 300 40 399/29/112 "CSA-N-1"
HQ, Hong Qi = Red Flag, medium/long range SAMs
KS-1 7/42 500/25k 4 900 ? 560/40/120
It is designed for targets at medium-high altitude, including high-altitude
recon. aircraft, unmanned recon. aircraft, helicopter, and air-surface
missile (<= 750m/s and <= 4-5g). It may NOT be launched vertically
like Russian SA-10.
LY-60 SAR / 30/12k 3.6 390/20/68
Air defence weapons of the PLA
EGYPT
SakrFactory
Ain Sakr IR /4.4 50/2400 ? 10 134/7/10 Egyptian Strela
FRANCE
Mistral IR 0.3/6 /3000 2.6 17 3
Mistral 2 IR ?/6+ /? 2.6+ Previously classified, revealed and
entered service in 2000. Compatible with the earlier variant which is no longer
built. New seeker processor and rear wing and some other systems. Faster, more
agile and longer range.
Matra
Crotale IR/BR 0.5/10 4/5000 2.3 85 14 293/16/54
French Navy
Masurca SAR /50 30/23k 3 950 120 538/41/77
5
France/UK/Italy
ASTER 15 AR 1.7/15 ? ? ? 3
ASTER 30 AR 3/80 /15000 4 ? ?
Uses the same dart, which with thrusters manouvers at up to 50G lateraly.
SAAM/FR and SAAM/IT uses the ASTER 15 missile
PAAMS/SAAM AD uses both, SAMP/T is a land based version with radar, operations
centre and up to six eight missile launchers, with ATBM capability (Block 1)
against 600 km range missiles.
SAAM and SAMP/T tracks 100 targets, engages 10.
SAAM AD tracks 300 targets, engages 12.
Both updates missiles in flight (up to 16) once per second with target position
until the missile's own radar locks on.
FRANCE/GERMANY
Euromissile
Roland CLOS 0.5/6.3 20/4000 1.5 67 6.5 240/16/50 Radar/optical CLOS
Roland 3 IR/SACLOS 0.5/8 20/4000 1.7 67 9 240/16/50
Roland M5 1.5/12 /8000 5 11 255/17/35
>Mach 3 at 5-10 km, 70G to 8 km, 45 G at 10 km, 25G at 12 km
GERMANY
Wasserfall CLOS 5/25 1/18 1.5 4000 250 7500/75/160 Never operational
Warhead was to be distributed to reduce damage on the ground in case it missed.
Radio proximity fuze planned.
Reintochter CC /40 /6 1 1700 100
BGT
LFK NG LeFLa /8+ ? 2.5 19 180/90/? Development planned in 2000
Based on the IRIS-T, much smaller. Also intended as a helicopter AAM.
Will include a non-line of sight mode.
Two dimensional single colour imaging seeker matrix.
Instead of a dual pulse motor, it will have a sustainer motor
with four angled nozzles ahead of the wings.
GERMANY/USA
Raytheon Defense Systems (Hughes)/Ramsys
RIM-116 IR+RF /7 ? >1 73 11 /13/43 Rolling Airframe Missile
The Block 1 improvment (IRMU, IR Mode Upgrade) allows the missile
to engage targets using IR only.
INDIA
Thrishul /9 to be test fired 2004
Akash /25 to be test fired 2004
ISRAEL
Barak-1 CLOS 0.5/10 ? 1.8 98 22
BARAK/ADAMS
Spyder
A system with ground launched Python 5 (out to 20 km) and Derby
missiles (out to 40 km with a booster developed from
Barak)
IAI
Arrow 2
One battery delivered, one being built, the third funded (2000) will
together cover Israel.
A battery has four launch vehicles with six ready missiles each,
a Tadiran Citron Tree launch control centre, a Hazelnut Tree fire
control centre which can handle 14 simultaneous intercepts, one
Elta Green Pine radar which tracks targets up to 500 km away
with one trailer with a radar control centre, one with its power
unit and one with its cooling unit.
ITALY
Alenia Difesa
Aspide SAR /15 15/5000 2 204 33 370/20/68
Aspide 2000 /24 ? ? ? ? ?
Faster, better lateral acceleration, longer range, compatible
with all Aspide or Sea Sparrow launchers.
JAPAN
Toshiba
TAN-SAM IR 0.5/7 /3000 2.4 100 ? 270/16/60 "Type 81"
NORWAY
NASAMS AR /20 / 4 157 365/18/53
[1] [2]
Ground launched AMRAAM.
(Larger, elliptical cross section motor possible. (1999))
One battery has nine launchers, each with six ready to fire missiles.
It can work as three independent units with one radar and three launchers each.
All 54 can be fired at different targets within 12 s.
Up to four AN/TPQ-36A (update to AN/MPQ-64 planned) radars and IR Norwegian
Tracking Adjuct Systems belong to a battery, launchers can be sited
25 km from them, instrumented range is 75 km, fighters can be detected at 60 km.
PAKISTAN
Anza Mk1 1.2/4 80/2500? ? 13 ? Similar to the HN-5
RUSSIA
S-25 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1200/70/250 "SA-1 Guild"
S-25 Berkut (Beria-Kutepov)/Systema 25, deployed in two rings around Moscow, at 40 and 90 km,
could track 10 targets and guide 1 (or perhaps 2) missiles against each
KB-1 CC /50 /28k >3.5 2300 130 1070/70/220 "SA-2 Guideline"
S-125 Neva
Pechora CC 6/35 100-300/15k 2 600 60 670/70/150 "SA-3/SA-N-1 Goa"
Pechora-2 Upgrade with digital fire control units and better ECCM (example: Egypt in 1999)
CC/SAR 6/55 90/24500 2.8 ? 98 640/70/170 "SA-N-3 Goblet"
9M8 Krug CC /70 /25k 2.5 1000 ? 900/80/260 "SA-4 Ganef"
S-200 SAR 80/250 /30k >3.5 9000 ? 1650/100/396 "SA-5 Gammon"
Max target speed 4300m/s
ZRK-SD Kub CC/SAR /35 100/13k 2.8 550 80 620/34/152 "SA-6 Gainful"
Strela IR 0.5/3.7 45/3000 1.8 9 2 135/?/? "SA-7/SA-N-5 Grail"
Strela-2M IR 0.5/5.6 45/4300 1.8? 10 ? "SA-7B Grail"
Can be fitted with the 9E46M dual colour IR seeker from
Igla, but as it's slower it's not given the Igla's aerospike. No customer yet.
(Speeds given by KBM, Strela-2M: 51200 ft/min, Igla: 78700 ft/min)
Igla-1 9K310 IR 0.5/6 /5000 2.5? 13 2 ? "SA-16 Gimlet"
9M33 Romb CC 1.6/15 9/3000 2 180 19 320/21/64 "SA-8/SA-N-4 Gecko"
Vehicle with six-round launcher and radars, normal crew six.
C-band search radar, 40 km range, tracking radar with 28 km range.
Normal tactic is to fire two missiles, each guided on a separate Ku-band
channel. Backup tracking via TV.
IR 0.5/6 /5000 >1.5 30 3 180/11/30 "SA-9 Gaskin"
S-300PMU1 SAR/AR 5/70 300/30k 5 1500 130 780/50/100 "SA-10/SA-N-6 Grumble"
Extended range version of S-300PMU (SA-10B), with some anti
ballistic missile capability. Max aerodynamic target speed 3000m/s.
S-300PMU2 Favorit A variant of the S-300PMU1, range 50 km more at 200 km,
minimum range 2 km, new missile with larger warhead and better guidance.
Fakel 9M96E (max range 40 km) and 9M96E2 (max range 120 km), launched
vertically from "cold" launchers are also associated with the
"Triumph" system under development.
S-300VM Another modification, tested in 1998: All new electronics, modernized radar
and improved missiles. Range is increased to 200 km, they are faster and have higher G load at 28G.
9M311 SACLOS 0.5/8 ? 3.5 ? 9 ? "SA-19/SA-N-11 Grisom"
Tor SAR/CC+AR 0.5/19 ? 2.5 ? 15 ? "SA-15/SA-N-9 Gauntlet"
9K331 Tor, SA-15 GAUNTLET, SA-N-9, HQ-17
IR 0.5/5 ? 2 ? 3 ? "SA-13 Gopher"
IR 0.5/6 /5000 1.8 10 2 ? "SA-14/SA-N-8 Gremlin"
9K37M1 Buk SAR 3/32 15/22k 3 690 70 555/40/86 "SA-11/SA-N-7 Gadfly"
aka Gang SA-N-7=Shtil. 20G turns. Closing targets M2.5, receding M0.9, also
ATBM. Track 75, follow 15, engage 6. 60 m target detected at 35 km, high at
160 km. 400 m range resolution, 3-4.5 deg azimut and elevation.
S-300V 200 targets identified, 70 tracked, 24 engaged with 2-4 missiles,
48 missiles in flight, one fired every 1.5s.
9M82 SAR 13/100 1000/30k >7 4500 150 9500/?/- "SA-12B Giant"
Range at ballistic targets 40 km
9M83 SAR 6-8/75 25/25k >5 2000 150 8000/?/- "SA-12A Gladiator"
9K40M Ural "SA-17 Grizzly"
SOUTH AFRICA
Kentron
SAVH-3 /12 ? 3.5 123 22 308/18/40 Mach 1.5 at 12 km
40G lateral accelation, 6G at 7000 m, 10 s to 8 km, <17.5 s to 12 common
RF/laser/command link, SAVH-IRS dual-colour IR, SAVH-RS pulse-doppler+ HOJ
Umkhonto CC+IR /8-12 /7300 ? 125 ? 300/18/? Naval VL SAM
First intended to get air cooled IR seeker from U-Darter,
will now probably get a simpler variant. TVC + tail control as on SAHV-3.
SOUTH KOREA
Chumna 2/10 2.6 ("Pegasus") Based on Crotale
SWEDEN
Bofors
RBS 70 LBR 0.2/5 0/3000 1.6 17 1 132/11/32
RBS 90 LBR 0.2/7 0/3000 1.7 17 1+ 132/11/32
BOLIDE 0.25/8 0/5000 RBS70/90 compatible, faster, better
against agile targets, programmable gyro, adaptable proximity fuze,
new kind of rocket fuel. Production to start in 2002 (decision in 2001).
RBS23 CC /15 /15k 3 80 230/11(20)/29(53) Bamse
Accelerates to 1000 m/s in < 1 s.
The Swedish air defence command on RBS 23
Bofors on BAMSE
Lv 7 photos BAMSE=RBS23=Robotsystem 23
The BAMSE system consists of UndE
which gathers information about the air
defence situation, with its own 3D radar (PS-70 / PS-90 development) and from
other sources and the launch unit EldE
, which is towed and has room
for two operators. On the roof are four missile launchers and a 8 m sensor
mast. The main sensor is a Ka-band radar which tracks the targets and the
missiles as well as transmit steering commands to the missile, backup sensor
is IR. Warhead fusing is either direct hit or proximity fuze, for good
effect against small targets too.
Abraham Low cost hypervelocity air defence reatil ("reaction projectile") Abraham.
Calibre 120 mm, mass 25 kg, 10 kg steel ball directed warhead at targets up to
90 m to the side of the trajectory by a laser fuze. As previously known,
there basically isn't any user interface except an on/off switch and
controls for setting engagement zones. It's not been ordered yet (2001).
TAIWAN
CSIST
Tien Kung 1 SAR/IR /70 100/24k 4+ Sky Bow 1
Tien Kung 2 /140 /30k ?
Tien Kung 2A ATBM version, test fired 1997-8
Tien Ji SSM version of Tien Kung 2, range up to 300 km
Tien Kung 3 Future hypersonic rocket/ramjet
Antelope /9 15/3000 Based on Tien Chien I AAM, four round launcher
UK
Hawker Siddeley Dynamics
Sea Dart SAR />80 30/25k 3.5 550 ? 440/42/91 Ramjet
Seaslug BR /45+ /15k+ ? ? ? 610/41/144 Ramjet
British Aircraft Corporation
Bloodhound 2 SAR />80 ? ? ? 846/55/283 Ramjet
Thunderbird 2 SAR />75? ? ? ? 635/53/163
Rapier SACLOS 0.5/7 0/3000 >2 43 0.5 224/13/38
Rapier 2000 ACLOS 0.5/7 0/3000 >2 43 9 224/13/38
Seawolf CLOS /5 >2 82 190/18/56
Short Brothers
Seacat CLOS /5 6/1000 0.9 68 15 147/19/65 Land=Tigercat
Blowpipe IR/CLOS 0.5/>3 /2000 1.5 11 2.2 140/8/28
Javelin SACLOS 0.5/5.6 ? 2.3 13 3 ?
Starburst LBR /4.4-5.5 /3000 >1 15 3 140/20/ range 4.4 against fast targets; 5.5 slow
Starstreak LBR ? ? 3 ? ? ? Three darts, time of flight to 4 km 5 s
UK/France
Matra BAe Dynamics
Jernas ACLOS 0.5/8 0/3000 >2.5 43 9 224/13/38 >30G turns
Jernas Field Standard C is an export version of Rapier FSC
with Rapier 2000 missile, Dagger surveillance and Blindfire targeting radars.
Rapier FSC is in service since 1996.
USA
Bendix
RIM-8 BR/SAR /120 ? 3.5 3175 ? 640/76/290 Talos, ramjet
One version with a 5kT nuclear W-30 warhead
Raytheon Defense Systems (/General Dynamics/Hughes)
RIM-7H SAR 1/18 15/5000 3.5 205 30 365/20/102 Sea Sparrow
Mostly similar to AIM-7E
RIM-7M Developed together with AIM-7M (1976, IOC 1982)
RIM-7P CC+SAR Command control link allows for trajectory control and
dive attacks against low flying targets.
RIM-8R CC+SAR+IR Cancelled
Raytheon Defense Systems (Hughes)
ESSM Evolved Sea Sparrow, under development
Raytheon Defense Systems (General Dynamics)
RIM-2 BR+SAR /35 ? 2.9 1360 ? 823/34-46/? Terrier
RIM-24 SAR /26 ? ? 590 ? 457/34/? Tartar
RIM-66A SAR /46 45/19k >2 608 97 472/34/91 Standard SM-1 MR
RIM-66C SAR /74 /24k >2 704 97 472/34/91 Standard SM-2 MR
RIM-67B SAR /150 /30k >2.5 1440 97 798/34/94 Standard SM-2 ER
Raytheon
MIM-23A SAR /35 ? ? 587 ? 508/37/120 Hawk
MIM-23B SAR /40 30/18k 2.5 625 54 508/37/120 IHawk
40 km range for low altitude targets, 35 for max altitude
MIM-104A /60 /24k 3 914 90 530/41/92 Patriot IOC 1984
After launch intertially guided with command updates. Terminal intercept
is semi-active radar, with Track-Via-Missile (the missile downlinks target
position to the ground station).
When set up, can be launched in a 60 deg arc.
Warhead with 2 g fragments.
MIM-104B
As MIM-104A, added surface to surface lofted trajectory mode to be used
against jammers.
PAC-1 Patriot Advanced Capability (IOC 1989).
Missile unchanged. Radar elevation increased from 45 to 90 degrees.
Software upgrade to protect a radius of 5 km around the launcher
against Scud missiles.
MIM-104C 3/70+ /24k ? 900 91 518/41/92 (IOC 1990) (Perhaps up to 160 km range?)
PAC-2. Improved ground software.
Warhead with 45 g fragments, two-beam proximity fuze (one narrower
cone against faster, ballistic missiles, targets).
MIM-104D (IOC 1994)
PAC-2/GEM (Guidance Enhanced Missile).
Faster fuze, faster and more sensitive seeker.
MIM-104E Further PAC-2 improvements? Status?
PAC-3 Configuration 1 (1995)
New pulse doppler processor, engagement control improvements,
PAC-2/GEM missiles.
PAC-3 Conf. 2 (1996)
Better communications computer, JTIDS interface, PDB-4 software
for better performance against low RCS targets and anti-radiation missiles.
ERINT AR /40? /15k? 5? 312 73 520/25/50
PAC-3 Conf. 3 (IOC 2003)
Upgraded radar with two twin TWT, new emitter for improved performance
in clutter, remote control distance increased to 30 km (from 10),
uses both ERINT (hit to kill) and PAC-2/GEM missiles.
Launcher can take four PAC-2 or sixteen ERINT.
ERINT has an explosive warhead for use against airbreathing targets.
Before launch the missile receives only class of target, target vector
and predicted intercept point, after that the missile uses its own
radar and performs all calculations needed, but uses a two way datalink
to exchange target data with the ground station. ERINT has rear aerodynamic
control surfaces and lateral thrusters.
Normal US battery will consist of six PAC-2 and two ERINT launchers.
For anti ballistic missile targets standard engagement is two ripple fired missiles.
Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot, Patriot PAC-3 Missile System, Patriot Advanced Capability-3
HUMRAAM Ground launched AMRAAM, like NASAMS but pedestal, x5, instead
of cannister launched.
HUMRAAM live fire
Raytheon Defense Systems (General Dynamics/Hughes)
FIM-43A IR /3.4 /1500 ? 8 ? 122/7/14 Redeye
FIM-92A IR 0.3/5.5 30/4800 2.2 10 2 152/7/9 Stinger
FIM-92B/C IR/UV 0.2/5.5 30/4800 2.2 10 3 152/7/9 Stinger
FM 44-18 (Air defence employment Stinger)
Philco-Ford
MIM-72A IR 0.5/4 15/3000 2.5 84 11 291/13/54 Chaparall
An AIM-9D with control modifications. Fielded in 1968, 1972 for shipboard use
Western Electric
MIM-14B CC />140 ? 2.5 4500 ? 1250/80/212 Nike-Hercules
LIM-49A CC />750 ? ? 13000 5MT 1683/107/300 Spartan
Martin Marietta
CC /40 1500/30k ? 3400 kt 923/140/- Sprint
USA (55%) / Germany (28%) / Italy (17%)
MEADS Uses the PAC-3 missile (for cost reasons).
A standard fire unit, which is crewed by 19, consists of one search radar,
two fire control radars (multifunction, can search too?), two operations centres,
six 12-missile launchers. (One fire control radar, one OC and one launcher can work standalone.)